[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1339},["ShallowReactive",2],{"/blog/shopping-for-an-admin-account":3,"navigation-en-us":554,"banner-en-us":981,"footer-en-us":991,"blog-post-authors-en-us-Joern Schneeweisz":1236,"blog-related-posts-en-us-shopping-for-an-admin-account":1251,"blog-promotions-en-us":1276,"next-steps-en-us":1329},{"id":4,"title":5,"authors":6,"body":8,"category":535,"date":536,"description":537,"extension":538,"externalUrl":539,"faq":539,"featured":540,"heroImage":541,"meta":542,"navigation":107,"path":543,"seo":544,"slug":548,"stem":549,"tags":550,"template":552,"updatedDate":539,"__hash__":553},"blogPosts/en-us/blog/shopping-for-an-admin-account.md","Shopping for an admin account via path traversal",[7],"Joern Schneeweisz",{"type":9,"value":10,"toc":527},"minimark",[11,28,33,36,45,48,52,66,88,91,232,238,304,349,358,362,373,412,416,439,442,449,452,458,464,468,480,484,492,509,523],[12,13,14,15,21,22,27],"p",{},"GitLab ",[16,17,20],"a",{"href":18,"rel":19},"https://handbook.gitlab.com/handbook/security/#security-research",[],"security researchers"," conduct internal testing against GitLab assets and against ",[16,23,26],{"href":24,"rel":25},"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software",[],"free and open-source software (FOSS)"," critical to GitLab products and operations to ultimately make our product and company more secure.",[29,30,32],"h2",{"id":31},"introduction","Introduction",[12,34,35],{},"Most web applications are not standalone – they depend on other applications in order to fulfill their purpose. Calls to other web apps can be done in various ways depending on the other side's API. In this post, we'll discuss calls to REST APIs and some security implications when calling those REST endpoints.",[12,37,38,39,44],{},"Representational State Transfer (short: ",[16,40,43],{"href":41,"rel":42},"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer",[],"REST",") is an HTTP-based protocol that uses different HTTP methods (e.g. GET/POST/PUT/DELETE) to interact with a remote API endpoint.",[12,46,47],{},"Let's take a look at a very specific (GitLab) example to get an impression of what can go wrong when two web apps talk REST to each other.",[29,49,51],{"id":50},"gitlabs-customers-portal","GitLab's Customers Portal",[12,53,54,55,60,61,65],{},"At ",[16,56,59],{"href":57,"rel":58},"https://customers.gitlab.com/customers/sign_in",[],"customers.gitlab.com"," our GitLab community can shop for various GitLab subscriptions and also buy CI minutes. The ",[62,63,64],"code",{},"customers"," source code is non-public, so I will just use a few relevant snippets as examples to illustrate the issue.",[12,67,68,69,71,72,75,76,78,79,81,82,87],{},"The ",[62,70,64],{}," portal needs to interact with the ",[62,73,74],{},"gitlab.com"," API in order to let ",[62,77,74],{}," know things like how many CI minutes you've bought. The HTTP calls to the ",[62,80,74],{}," API are implemented using ",[16,83,86],{"href":84,"rel":85},"https://github.com/jnunemaker/httparty",[],"HTTParty",".",[12,89,90],{},"For PUT requests this looked like:",[92,93,98],"pre",{"className":94,"code":95,"language":96,"meta":97,"style":97},"language-ruby shiki shiki-themes github-light","\n    def put(path, *args)\n      options = valid_options(args)\n\n      HTTParty.put(full_url(path), options)\n    end\n\nprivate\n\n    def full_url(path)\n      URI.join(BASE_URL, path).to_s\n    end\n\n","ruby","",[62,99,100,109,130,146,151,172,178,183,189,194,205,227],{"__ignoreMap":97},[101,102,105],"span",{"class":103,"line":104},"line",1,[101,106,108],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":107},true,"\n",[101,110,112,116,120,124,127],{"class":103,"line":111},2,[101,113,115],{"class":114},"sD7c4","    def",[101,117,119],{"class":118},"s7eDp"," put",[101,121,123],{"class":122},"sgsFI","(path, ",[101,125,126],{"class":114},"*",[101,128,129],{"class":122},"args)\n",[101,131,133,137,140,143],{"class":103,"line":132},3,[101,134,136],{"class":135},"sqxcx","      options",[101,138,139],{"class":114}," =",[101,141,142],{"class":118}," valid_options",[101,144,145],{"class":122},"(args)\n",[101,147,149],{"class":103,"line":148},4,[101,150,108],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":107},[101,152,154,158,160,163,166,169],{"class":103,"line":153},5,[101,155,157],{"class":156},"sYu0t","      HTTParty",[101,159,87],{"class":122},[101,161,162],{"class":118},"put",[101,164,165],{"class":122},"(",[101,167,168],{"class":118},"full_url",[101,170,171],{"class":122},"(path), options)\n",[101,173,175],{"class":103,"line":174},6,[101,176,177],{"class":114},"    end\n",[101,179,181],{"class":103,"line":180},7,[101,182,108],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":107},[101,184,186],{"class":103,"line":185},8,[101,187,188],{"class":114},"private\n",[101,190,192],{"class":103,"line":191},9,[101,193,108],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":107},[101,195,197,199,202],{"class":103,"line":196},10,[101,198,115],{"class":114},[101,200,201],{"class":118}," full_url",[101,203,204],{"class":122},"(path)\n",[101,206,208,211,213,216,218,221,224],{"class":103,"line":207},11,[101,209,210],{"class":156},"      URI",[101,212,87],{"class":122},[101,214,215],{"class":118},"join",[101,217,165],{"class":122},[101,219,220],{"class":156},"BASE_URL",[101,222,223],{"class":122},", path).",[101,225,226],{"class":118},"to_s\n",[101,228,230],{"class":103,"line":229},12,[101,231,177],{"class":114},[12,233,234,235,237],{},"Let's look at the caller to the ",[62,236,162],{}," method:",[92,239,241],{"className":94,"code":240,"language":96,"meta":97,"style":97},"response = Client::GitlabApp.put(\"/api/v4/namespaces/#{@namespace_id}\", body: @attrs.to_json, token: API_TOKEN)\n",[62,242,243],{"__ignoreMap":97},[101,244,245,248,250,253,256,259,261,263,265,269,272,275,278,281,284,287,290,293,295,298,301],{"class":103,"line":104},[101,246,247],{"class":135},"response",[101,249,139],{"class":114},[101,251,252],{"class":156}," Client",[101,254,255],{"class":122},"::",[101,257,258],{"class":156},"GitlabApp",[101,260,87],{"class":122},[101,262,162],{"class":118},[101,264,165],{"class":122},[101,266,268],{"class":267},"sYBdl","\"/api/v4/namespaces/",[101,270,271],{"class":267},"#{",[101,273,274],{"class":122},"@namespace_id",[101,276,277],{"class":267},"}",[101,279,280],{"class":267},"\"",[101,282,283],{"class":122},", ",[101,285,286],{"class":156},"body:",[101,288,289],{"class":122}," @attrs.",[101,291,292],{"class":118},"to_json",[101,294,283],{"class":122},[101,296,297],{"class":156},"token:",[101,299,300],{"class":156}," API_TOKEN",[101,302,303],{"class":122},")\n",[12,305,306,307,310,311,313,314,316,317,320,321,324,325,327,328,331,332,335,336,338,339,341,342,345,346,87],{},"The above line of code is the place where the ",[62,308,309],{},"Client::GitlabApp"," is used to update a subscription on ",[62,312,74],{},"; this call occurs when a customer moves the subscription from one namespace to another. The parameter ",[62,315,274],{}," is user controlled but the payload of the PUT operation (",[62,318,319],{},"body: @attrs.to_json",") is not. The ",[62,322,323],{},"API_TOKEN"," is an access token to ",[62,326,74],{},"'s API with ",[62,329,330],{},"admin"," privileges. The threat which arises from the call to ",[62,333,334],{},"Client::GitlabApp.put"," is the possibility to traverse the path on ",[62,337,74],{},"'s API by supplying a ",[62,340,274],{}," of ",[62,343,344],{},"../other/path"," and thus being able to reach other API endpoints than the intended ",[62,347,348],{},"/api/v4/namespace/",[12,350,351,352,357],{},"This type of attack, namely a ",[16,353,356],{"href":354,"rel":355},"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_traversal_attack",[],"path (or directory) traversal attack",", is a very common and generic issue. It can occur basically everywhere that path parameters are being plunged together (e.g. file systems access or unpacking of archive files).",[29,359,361],{"id":360},"impact","Impact",[12,363,364,365,368,369,372],{},"It gets really interesting when we think about the impact and exploitation of this issue. Since we do not control the payload (",[62,366,367],{},"@attrs.to_json",") of the PUT operation one could think that the impact of this traversal is quite limited. In REST the PUT operation is being used to update existing resources. Usually the to-be-updated attributes of the resource are sent in the body of the HTTP request, just like the JSON encoded ",[62,370,371],{},"@attrs"," in our case.",[12,374,375,376,378,379,384,385,390,391,394,395,397,398,400,401,404,405,408,409,411],{},"The API endpoint on ",[62,377,74],{}," is implemented using ",[16,380,383],{"href":381,"rel":382},"http://www.ruby-grape.org/",[],"Grape"," which implements ",[16,386,389],{"href":387,"rel":388},"https://github.com/ruby-grape/grape#parameters",[],"parameter handling"," in a way that any PUT/POST parameters will be merged with the path-based GET parameters into the ",[62,392,393],{},"params"," hash. This means that besides the ",[62,396,319],{}," payload in the PUT operation we could, using the unsanitized ",[62,399,274],{}," parameter, not only traverse API endpoints using ",[62,402,403],{},"../"," sequences, we could also inject attributes on the API endpoint by appending ",[62,406,407],{},"?some_attribute=our_value"," to ",[62,410,274],{},". So, in addition to the path traversal, we can also inject arbitrary arguments on the API endpoint. In combination the two steps can enable quite powerful attacks.",[29,413,415],{"id":414},"exploitation","Exploitation",[12,417,418,419,421,422,424,425,428,429,431,432,435,436,87],{},"Taking the above building blocks of path traversal and attribute injection in a request using an ",[62,420,330],{}," token on the ",[62,423,74],{}," API, we have a quite powerful and universal attack at hand. While investigating and verifying the issue on GitLab's ",[62,426,427],{},"staging"," environment it could be used to promote regular accounts to ",[62,430,330],{},". The actual payload is quite simple: ",[62,433,434],{},"../users/\u003CuserID>?admin=true"," it resulted in a PUT request to ",[62,437,438],{},"https://gitlab.com/api/v4/users/\u003CuserID>?admin=true",[12,440,441],{},"Within the staging environment the exploit payload looked like this within the Chrome developer tools:",[12,443,444],{},[445,446],"img",{"alt":447,"src":448},"exploit","https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1782397907/blog/Content%20Images/Path-traversal/get_admin.png",[12,450,451],{},"The reward was a shiny 🔧 sign to access the admin area on the targeted account:",[12,453,454],{},[445,455],{"alt":456,"src":457},"wrench","https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1782397907/blog/Content%20Images/Path-traversal/be_admin.png",[12,459,460,461,463],{},"The modification was done using the \"Change linked Group\" feature for a GitLab Bronze subscription. But as the same vector can be used with purchased CI minutes it would just have cost eight dollars and a few clicks to become an admin on ",[62,462,74],{}," 😏.",[29,465,467],{"id":466},"mitigation","Mitigation",[12,469,470,471,476,477,479],{},"The issue was mitigated promptly by the ",[16,472,475],{"href":473,"rel":474},"https://handbook.gitlab.com/handbook/engineering/development/fulfillment/",[],"fulfillment backend team",". The application is now enforcing the ",[62,478,274],{}," parameter to be numerical. Also additional defense-in-depth measures have been taken to avoid path traversals and similar attacks.",[29,481,483],{"id":482},"conclusion","Conclusion",[12,485,486,487,489,490,87],{},"We've seen here a very good example of the typical pitfalls in modern applications which make use of backend services via API calls. The path traversal in combination with the ability to inject further attributes in the API call allowed us to cause severe impact. The issue, even though present in the ",[62,488,59],{}," code base, could be used to elevate user privileges on ",[62,491,74],{},[12,493,494,501],{},[495,496,497],"em",{},[498,499,500],"strong",{},"Security Research at GitLab",[495,502,503,504,508],{},"Security research is one component of our broader security organization's efforts to  enhance the security posture of our company, products, and client-facing services. See our [Security Handbook](",[16,505,506],{"href":506,"rel":507},"https://handbook.gitlab.com/handbook/security/",[]," to learn more.",[12,510,511,512,517,518],{},"Photo by ",[16,513,516],{"href":514,"rel":515},"https://www.pexels.com/@martabranco?utm_content=attributionCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=pexels",[],"Marta Branco"," on ",[16,519,522],{"href":520,"rel":521},"https://www.pexels.com/photo/closeup-photo-of-black-and-blue-keyboard-1194713/?utm_content=attributionCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=pexels",[],"Pexels",[524,525,526],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .sD7c4, html code.shiki .sD7c4{--shiki-default:#D73A49}html pre.shiki code .s7eDp, html code.shiki .s7eDp{--shiki-default:#6F42C1}html pre.shiki code .sgsFI, html code.shiki .sgsFI{--shiki-default:#24292E}html pre.shiki code .sqxcx, html code.shiki .sqxcx{--shiki-default:#E36209}html pre.shiki code .sYu0t, html code.shiki .sYu0t{--shiki-default:#005CC5}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sYBdl, html code.shiki .sYBdl{--shiki-default:#032F62}",{"title":97,"searchDepth":111,"depth":111,"links":528},[529,530,531,532,533,534],{"id":31,"depth":111,"text":32},{"id":50,"depth":111,"text":51},{"id":360,"depth":111,"text":361},{"id":414,"depth":111,"text":415},{"id":466,"depth":111,"text":467},{"id":482,"depth":111,"text":483},"security","2019-11-29","How to exploit a path traversal issue to gain an admin account","md",null,false,"https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1749668524/Blog/Hero%20Images/closeup-photo-of-black-and-blue-keyboard-1194713.jpg",{},"/en-us/blog/shopping-for-an-admin-account",{"title":5,"description":537,"ogTitle":5,"ogDescription":537,"noIndex":540,"ogImage":541,"ogUrl":545,"ogSiteName":546,"ogType":547,"canonicalUrls":545},"https://about.gitlab.com/blog/shopping-for-an-admin-account","https://about.gitlab.com","article","shopping-for-an-admin-account","en-us/blog/shopping-for-an-admin-account",[535,551],"security research","BlogPost","7SH6elNww--GY1IPDAQg6sUv3EmSkLiHXfjsrBHv8wY",{"logo":555,"freeTrial":560,"sales":565,"login":570,"items":575,"search":902,"minimal":932,"duo":951,"switchNav":960,"pricingDeployment":971},{"config":556},{"href":557,"dataGaName":558,"dataGaLocation":559},"/","gitlab logo","header",{"text":561,"config":562},"Get free trial",{"href":563,"dataGaName":564,"dataGaLocation":559},"https://gitlab.com/-/trial_registrations/new?glm_source=about.gitlab.com&glm_content=default-saas-trial/","free trial",{"text":566,"config":567},"Request a demo",{"href":568,"dataGaName":569,"dataGaLocation":559},"/sales/?contact-topic=request-demo","sales",{"text":571,"config":572},"Sign in",{"href":573,"dataGaName":574,"dataGaLocation":559},"https://gitlab.com/users/sign_in/","sign in",[576,605,705,710,824,880],{"text":577,"config":578,"menu":580},"Platform",{"dataNavLevelOne":579},"platform",{"type":581,"columns":582},"cards",[583,589,597],{"title":577,"description":584,"link":585},"The intelligent orchestration platform for DevSecOps",{"text":586,"config":587},"Explore our Platform",{"href":588,"dataGaName":579,"dataGaLocation":559},"/platform/",{"title":590,"description":591,"link":592},"GitLab Duo Agent Platform","Agentic AI for the entire software lifecycle",{"text":593,"config":594},"Meet GitLab Duo",{"href":595,"dataGaName":596,"dataGaLocation":559},"/gitlab-duo-agent-platform/","gitlab duo agent platform",{"title":598,"description":599,"link":600},"Why GitLab","See the top reasons enterprises choose GitLab",{"text":601,"config":602},"Learn more",{"href":603,"dataGaName":604,"dataGaLocation":559},"/why-gitlab/","why gitlab",{"text":606,"left":107,"config":607,"menu":609},"Product",{"dataNavLevelOne":608},"solutions",{"type":610,"link":611,"columns":615,"feature":684},"lists",{"text":612,"config":613},"View all Solutions",{"href":614,"dataGaName":608,"dataGaLocation":559},"/solutions/",[616,640,663],{"title":617,"description":618,"link":619,"items":624},"Automation","CI/CD and automation to accelerate deployment",{"config":620},{"icon":621,"href":622,"dataGaName":623,"dataGaLocation":559},"AutomatedCodeAlt","/solutions/delivery-automation/","automated software delivery",[625,629,632,636],{"text":626,"config":627},"CI/CD",{"href":628,"dataGaLocation":559,"dataGaName":626},"/solutions/continuous-integration/",{"text":590,"config":630},{"href":595,"dataGaLocation":559,"dataGaName":631},"gitlab duo agent platform - product menu",{"text":633,"config":634},"Source Code Management",{"href":635,"dataGaLocation":559,"dataGaName":633},"/solutions/source-code-management/",{"text":637,"config":638},"Automated Software Delivery",{"href":622,"dataGaLocation":559,"dataGaName":639},"Automated software delivery",{"title":641,"description":642,"link":643,"items":648},"Security","Deliver code faster without compromising security",{"config":644},{"href":645,"dataGaName":646,"dataGaLocation":559,"icon":647},"/solutions/application-security-testing/","security and compliance","ShieldCheckLight",[649,653,658],{"text":650,"config":651},"Application Security Testing",{"href":645,"dataGaName":652,"dataGaLocation":559},"Application security testing",{"text":654,"config":655},"Software Supply Chain Security",{"href":656,"dataGaLocation":559,"dataGaName":657},"/solutions/supply-chain/","Software supply chain security",{"text":659,"config":660},"Software Compliance",{"href":661,"dataGaName":662,"dataGaLocation":559},"/solutions/software-compliance/","software compliance",{"title":664,"link":665,"items":670},"Measurement",{"config":666},{"icon":667,"href":668,"dataGaName":669,"dataGaLocation":559},"DigitalTransformation","/solutions/visibility-measurement/","visibility and measurement",[671,675,679],{"text":672,"config":673},"Visibility & Measurement",{"href":668,"dataGaLocation":559,"dataGaName":674},"Visibility and Measurement",{"text":676,"config":677},"Value Stream Management",{"href":678,"dataGaLocation":559,"dataGaName":676},"/solutions/value-stream-management/",{"text":680,"config":681},"Analytics & Insights",{"href":682,"dataGaLocation":559,"dataGaName":683},"/solutions/analytics-and-insights/","Analytics and insights",{"title":685,"type":610,"items":686},"GitLab for",[687,693,699],{"text":688,"config":689},"Enterprise",{"icon":690,"href":691,"dataGaLocation":559,"dataGaName":692},"Building","/enterprise/","enterprise",{"text":694,"config":695},"Small Business",{"icon":696,"href":697,"dataGaLocation":559,"dataGaName":698},"Work","/small-business/","small business",{"text":700,"config":701},"Public Sector",{"icon":702,"href":703,"dataGaLocation":559,"dataGaName":704},"Organization","/solutions/public-sector/","public sector",{"text":706,"config":707},"Pricing",{"href":708,"dataGaName":709,"dataGaLocation":559,"dataNavLevelOne":709},"/pricing/","pricing",{"text":711,"config":712,"menu":714},"Resources",{"dataNavLevelOne":713},"resources",{"type":610,"link":715,"columns":719,"feature":813},{"text":716,"config":717},"View all resources",{"href":718,"dataGaName":713,"dataGaLocation":559},"/resources/",[720,753,780],{"title":721,"items":722},"Getting started",[723,728,733,738,743,748],{"text":724,"config":725},"Install",{"href":726,"dataGaName":727,"dataGaLocation":559},"/install/","install",{"text":729,"config":730},"Quick start guides",{"href":731,"dataGaName":732,"dataGaLocation":559},"/get-started/","quick setup checklists",{"text":734,"config":735},"Learn",{"href":736,"dataGaLocation":559,"dataGaName":737},"https://university.gitlab.com/","learn",{"text":739,"config":740},"Product documentation",{"href":741,"dataGaName":742,"dataGaLocation":559},"https://docs.gitlab.com/","product documentation",{"text":744,"config":745},"Best practice videos",{"href":746,"dataGaName":747,"dataGaLocation":559},"/getting-started-videos/","best practice videos",{"text":749,"config":750},"Integrations",{"href":751,"dataGaName":752,"dataGaLocation":559},"/integrations/","integrations",{"title":754,"items":755},"Discover",[756,761,766,771,775],{"text":757,"config":758},"Customer success stories",{"href":759,"dataGaName":760,"dataGaLocation":559},"/customers/","customer success stories",{"text":762,"config":763},"Blog",{"href":764,"dataGaName":765,"dataGaLocation":559},"/blog/","blog",{"text":767,"config":768},"Demo Hub",{"href":769,"dataGaName":770,"dataGaLocation":559},"/demo-hub/","demo hub",{"text":772,"config":773},"The Source",{"href":774,"dataGaName":765,"dataGaLocation":559},"/the-source/",{"text":776,"config":777},"Remote",{"href":778,"dataGaName":779,"dataGaLocation":559},"https://handbook.gitlab.com/handbook/company/culture/all-remote/","remote",{"title":781,"items":782},"Connect",[783,788,793,798,803,808],{"text":784,"config":785},"GitLab Services",{"href":786,"dataGaName":787,"dataGaLocation":559},"/services/","services",{"text":789,"config":790},"Contribute",{"href":791,"dataGaName":792,"dataGaLocation":559},"https://contributors.gitlab.com","contribute",{"text":794,"config":795},"Community",{"href":796,"dataGaName":797,"dataGaLocation":559},"/community/","community",{"text":799,"config":800},"Forum",{"href":801,"dataGaName":802,"dataGaLocation":559},"https://forum.gitlab.com/","forum",{"text":804,"config":805},"Events",{"href":806,"dataGaName":807,"dataGaLocation":559},"/events/","events",{"text":809,"config":810},"Partners",{"href":811,"dataGaName":812,"dataGaLocation":559},"/partners/","partners",{"config":814,"title":817,"text":818,"link":819},{"background":815,"textColor":816},"url('https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1777322348/qpq8yrgn8knii57omj0c.png')","#000","What’s new in GitLab","Stay updated with our latest features and improvements.",{"text":820,"config":821},"Read the latest",{"href":822,"dataGaName":823,"dataGaLocation":559},"/whats-new/","whats new",{"text":825,"config":826,"menu":828},"Company",{"dataNavLevelOne":827},"company",{"type":610,"columns":829},[830],{"items":831},[832,837,843,845,850,855,860,865,870,875],{"text":833,"config":834},"About",{"href":835,"dataGaName":836,"dataGaLocation":559},"/company/","about",{"text":838,"config":839,"footerGa":842},"Jobs",{"href":840,"dataGaName":841,"dataGaLocation":559},"/jobs/","jobs",{"dataGaName":841},{"text":804,"config":844},{"href":806,"dataGaName":807,"dataGaLocation":559},{"text":846,"config":847},"Leadership",{"href":848,"dataGaName":849,"dataGaLocation":559},"/company/team/e-group/","leadership",{"text":851,"config":852},"Handbook",{"href":853,"dataGaName":854,"dataGaLocation":559},"https://handbook.gitlab.com/","handbook",{"text":856,"config":857},"Investor relations",{"href":858,"dataGaName":859,"dataGaLocation":559},"https://ir.gitlab.com/overview/default.aspx","investor relations",{"text":861,"config":862},"Trust Center",{"href":863,"dataGaName":864,"dataGaLocation":559},"/security/","trust center",{"text":866,"config":867},"AI Transparency Center",{"href":868,"dataGaName":869,"dataGaLocation":559},"/ai-transparency-center/","ai transparency center",{"text":871,"config":872},"Newsletter",{"href":873,"dataGaName":874,"dataGaLocation":559},"/company/contact/#contact-forms","newsletter",{"text":876,"config":877},"Press",{"href":878,"dataGaName":879,"dataGaLocation":559},"/press/","press",{"text":881,"config":882,"menu":883},"Contact us",{"dataNavLevelOne":827},{"type":610,"columns":884},[885],{"items":886},[887,892,897],{"text":888,"config":889},"Talk to sales",{"href":890,"dataGaName":891,"dataGaLocation":559},"/sales/","talk to sales",{"text":893,"config":894},"Support portal",{"href":895,"dataGaName":896,"dataGaLocation":559},"https://support.gitlab.com/hc/en-us","support portal",{"text":898,"config":899},"Customer portal",{"href":900,"dataGaName":901,"dataGaLocation":559},"https://customers.gitlab.com/customers/sign_in/","customer portal",{"close":903,"login":904,"suggestions":910},"Close",{"text":905,"link":906},"To search repositories and projects, login to",{"text":74,"config":907},{"href":573,"dataGaName":908,"dataGaLocation":909},"search login","search",{"text":911,"default":912},"Suggestions",[913,915,919,921,925,929],{"text":590,"config":914},{"href":595,"dataGaName":590,"dataGaLocation":909},{"text":916,"config":917},"Code Suggestions (AI)",{"href":918,"dataGaName":916,"dataGaLocation":909},"/solutions/code-suggestions/",{"text":626,"config":920},{"href":628,"dataGaName":626,"dataGaLocation":909},{"text":922,"config":923},"GitLab on AWS",{"href":924,"dataGaName":922,"dataGaLocation":909},"/partners/technology-partners/aws/",{"text":926,"config":927},"GitLab on Google Cloud",{"href":928,"dataGaName":926,"dataGaLocation":909},"/partners/technology-partners/google-cloud-platform/",{"text":930,"config":931},"Why GitLab?",{"href":603,"dataGaName":930,"dataGaLocation":909},{"freeTrial":933,"mobileIcon":938,"desktopIcon":943,"secondaryButton":946},{"text":934,"config":935},"Start free trial",{"href":936,"dataGaName":564,"dataGaLocation":937},"https://gitlab.com/-/trials/new/","nav",{"altText":939,"config":940},"Gitlab Icon",{"src":941,"dataGaName":942,"dataGaLocation":937},"https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1758203874/jypbw1jx72aexsoohd7x.svg","gitlab icon",{"altText":939,"config":944},{"src":945,"dataGaName":942,"dataGaLocation":937},"https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1758203875/gs4c8p8opsgvflgkswz9.svg",{"text":947,"config":948},"Get Started",{"href":949,"dataGaName":950,"dataGaLocation":937},"https://gitlab.com/-/trial_registrations/new?glm_source=about.gitlab.com/get-started/","get started",{"freeTrial":952,"mobileIcon":956,"desktopIcon":958},{"text":953,"config":954},"Learn more about GitLab Duo",{"href":595,"dataGaName":955,"dataGaLocation":937},"gitlab duo",{"altText":939,"config":957},{"src":941,"dataGaName":942,"dataGaLocation":937},{"altText":939,"config":959},{"src":945,"dataGaName":942,"dataGaLocation":937},{"button":961,"mobileIcon":966,"desktopIcon":968},{"text":962,"config":963},"/switch",{"href":964,"dataGaName":965,"dataGaLocation":937},"#contact","switch",{"altText":939,"config":967},{"src":941,"dataGaName":942,"dataGaLocation":937},{"altText":939,"config":969},{"src":970,"dataGaName":942,"dataGaLocation":937},"https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1773335277/ohhpiuoxoldryzrnhfrh.png",{"freeTrial":972,"mobileIcon":977,"desktopIcon":979},{"text":973,"config":974},"Back to pricing",{"href":708,"dataGaName":975,"dataGaLocation":937,"icon":976},"back to pricing","GoBack",{"altText":939,"config":978},{"src":941,"dataGaName":942,"dataGaLocation":937},{"altText":939,"config":980},{"src":945,"dataGaName":942,"dataGaLocation":937},{"title":982,"titleMobile":983,"button":984,"config":989},"Duo Agent Platform delivers 400% ROI, per new Forrester Consulting study.","400% ROI: Forrester TEI for GitLab Duo",{"text":601,"config":985},{"href":986,"dataGaName":987,"dataGaLocation":988},"https://about.gitlab.com/blog/gitlab-duo-agent-platform-delivers-400-percent-roi/","forrester-tei-dap-banner","global-banner",{"layout":990,"disabled":540},"release",{"data":992},{"text":993,"source":994,"edit":1000,"contribute":1005,"config":1010,"items":1015,"minimal":1225},"Git is a trademark of Software Freedom Conservancy and our use of 'GitLab' is under license",{"text":995,"config":996},"View page source",{"href":997,"dataGaName":998,"dataGaLocation":999},"https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/marketing/digital-experience/about-gitlab-com/","page source","footer",{"text":1001,"config":1002},"Edit this page",{"href":1003,"dataGaName":1004,"dataGaLocation":999},"https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/marketing/digital-experience/about-gitlab-com/-/blob/main/content/","web ide",{"text":1006,"config":1007},"Please contribute",{"href":1008,"dataGaName":1009,"dataGaLocation":999},"https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/marketing/digital-experience/about-gitlab-com/-/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md/","please contribute",{"twitter":1011,"facebook":1012,"youtube":1013,"linkedin":1014},"https://twitter.com/gitlab","https://www.facebook.com/gitlab","https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnMGQ8QHMAnVIsI3xJrihhg","https://www.linkedin.com/company/gitlab-com",[1016,1063,1117,1161,1193],{"title":706,"links":1017,"subMenu":1032},[1018,1022,1027],{"text":1019,"config":1020},"View plans",{"href":708,"dataGaName":1021,"dataGaLocation":999},"view plans",{"text":1023,"config":1024},"Why Premium?",{"href":1025,"dataGaName":1026,"dataGaLocation":999},"/pricing/premium/","why premium",{"text":1028,"config":1029},"Why Ultimate?",{"href":1030,"dataGaName":1031,"dataGaLocation":999},"/pricing/ultimate/","why ultimate",[1033],{"title":1034,"links":1035},"Contact Us",[1036,1039,1041,1043,1048,1053,1058],{"text":1037,"config":1038},"Contact sales",{"href":890,"dataGaName":569,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":893,"config":1040},{"href":895,"dataGaName":896,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":898,"config":1042},{"href":900,"dataGaName":901,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":1044,"config":1045},"Status",{"href":1046,"dataGaName":1047,"dataGaLocation":999},"https://status.gitlab.com/","status",{"text":1049,"config":1050},"Terms of use",{"href":1051,"dataGaName":1052,"dataGaLocation":999},"/terms/","terms of use",{"text":1054,"config":1055},"Privacy statement",{"href":1056,"dataGaName":1057,"dataGaLocation":999},"/privacy/","privacy statement",{"text":1059,"config":1060},"Cookie preferences",{"dataGaName":1061,"dataGaLocation":999,"id":1062,"isOneTrustButton":107},"cookie preferences","ot-sdk-btn",{"title":606,"links":1064,"subMenu":1073},[1065,1069],{"text":1066,"config":1067},"DevSecOps platform",{"href":588,"dataGaName":1068,"dataGaLocation":999},"devsecops platform",{"text":1070,"config":1071},"AI-Assisted Development",{"href":595,"dataGaName":1072,"dataGaLocation":999},"ai-assisted development",[1074],{"title":1075,"links":1076},"Topics",[1077,1082,1087,1092,1097,1102,1107,1112],{"text":1078,"config":1079},"CICD",{"href":1080,"dataGaName":1081,"dataGaLocation":999},"/topics/ci-cd/","cicd",{"text":1083,"config":1084},"GitOps",{"href":1085,"dataGaName":1086,"dataGaLocation":999},"/topics/gitops/","gitops",{"text":1088,"config":1089},"DevOps",{"href":1090,"dataGaName":1091,"dataGaLocation":999},"/topics/devops/","devops",{"text":1093,"config":1094},"Version Control",{"href":1095,"dataGaName":1096,"dataGaLocation":999},"/topics/version-control/","version control",{"text":1098,"config":1099},"DevSecOps",{"href":1100,"dataGaName":1101,"dataGaLocation":999},"/topics/devsecops/","devsecops",{"text":1103,"config":1104},"Cloud Native",{"href":1105,"dataGaName":1106,"dataGaLocation":999},"/topics/cloud-native/","cloud native",{"text":1108,"config":1109},"AI for Coding",{"href":1110,"dataGaName":1111,"dataGaLocation":999},"/topics/devops/ai-for-coding/","ai for coding",{"text":1113,"config":1114},"Agentic AI",{"href":1115,"dataGaName":1116,"dataGaLocation":999},"/topics/agentic-ai/","agentic ai",{"title":1118,"links":1119},"Solutions",[1120,1122,1124,1129,1133,1136,1140,1143,1145,1148,1151,1156],{"text":650,"config":1121},{"href":645,"dataGaName":650,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":639,"config":1123},{"href":622,"dataGaName":623,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":1125,"config":1126},"Agile development",{"href":1127,"dataGaName":1128,"dataGaLocation":999},"/solutions/agile-delivery/","agile delivery",{"text":1130,"config":1131},"SCM",{"href":635,"dataGaName":1132,"dataGaLocation":999},"source code management",{"text":1078,"config":1134},{"href":628,"dataGaName":1135,"dataGaLocation":999},"continuous integration & delivery",{"text":1137,"config":1138},"Value stream management",{"href":678,"dataGaName":1139,"dataGaLocation":999},"value stream management",{"text":1083,"config":1141},{"href":1142,"dataGaName":1086,"dataGaLocation":999},"/solutions/gitops/",{"text":688,"config":1144},{"href":691,"dataGaName":692,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":1146,"config":1147},"Small business",{"href":697,"dataGaName":698,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":1149,"config":1150},"Public sector",{"href":703,"dataGaName":704,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":1152,"config":1153},"Education",{"href":1154,"dataGaName":1155,"dataGaLocation":999},"/solutions/education/","education",{"text":1157,"config":1158},"Financial services",{"href":1159,"dataGaName":1160,"dataGaLocation":999},"/solutions/finance/","financial services",{"title":711,"links":1162},[1163,1165,1167,1169,1172,1174,1177,1179,1181,1183,1185,1187,1189,1191],{"text":724,"config":1164},{"href":726,"dataGaName":727,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":729,"config":1166},{"href":731,"dataGaName":732,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":734,"config":1168},{"href":736,"dataGaName":737,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":739,"config":1170},{"href":741,"dataGaName":1171,"dataGaLocation":999},"docs",{"text":762,"config":1173},{"href":764,"dataGaName":765,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":1175,"config":1176},"What's new",{"href":822,"dataGaName":823,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":757,"config":1178},{"href":759,"dataGaName":760,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":776,"config":1180},{"href":778,"dataGaName":779,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":784,"config":1182},{"href":786,"dataGaName":787,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":789,"config":1184},{"href":791,"dataGaName":792,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":794,"config":1186},{"href":796,"dataGaName":797,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":799,"config":1188},{"href":801,"dataGaName":802,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":804,"config":1190},{"href":806,"dataGaName":807,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":809,"config":1192},{"href":811,"dataGaName":812,"dataGaLocation":999},{"title":825,"links":1194},[1195,1197,1199,1201,1203,1205,1209,1214,1216,1218,1220],{"text":833,"config":1196},{"href":835,"dataGaName":827,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":838,"config":1198},{"href":840,"dataGaName":841,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":846,"config":1200},{"href":848,"dataGaName":849,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":851,"config":1202},{"href":853,"dataGaName":854,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":856,"config":1204},{"href":858,"dataGaName":859,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":1206,"config":1207},"Sustainability",{"href":1208,"dataGaName":1206,"dataGaLocation":999},"/sustainability/",{"text":1210,"config":1211},"Diversity, inclusion and belonging (DIB)",{"href":1212,"dataGaName":1213,"dataGaLocation":999},"/diversity-inclusion-belonging/","Diversity, inclusion and belonging",{"text":861,"config":1215},{"href":863,"dataGaName":864,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":871,"config":1217},{"href":873,"dataGaName":874,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":876,"config":1219},{"href":878,"dataGaName":879,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":1221,"config":1222},"Modern Slavery Transparency Statement",{"href":1223,"dataGaName":1224,"dataGaLocation":999},"https://handbook.gitlab.com/handbook/legal/modern-slavery-act-transparency-statement/","modern slavery transparency statement",{"items":1226},[1227,1230,1233],{"text":1228,"config":1229},"Terms",{"href":1051,"dataGaName":1052,"dataGaLocation":999},{"text":1231,"config":1232},"Cookies",{"dataGaName":1061,"dataGaLocation":999,"id":1062,"isOneTrustButton":107},{"text":1234,"config":1235},"Privacy",{"href":1056,"dataGaName":1057,"dataGaLocation":999},[1237],{"id":1238,"title":7,"body":539,"config":1239,"content":1241,"description":539,"extension":1245,"meta":1246,"navigation":107,"path":1247,"seo":1248,"stem":1249,"__hash__":1250},"blogAuthors/en-us/blog/authors/joern-schneeweisz.yml",{"template":1240},"BlogAuthor",{"name":7,"config":1242},{"headshot":1243,"ctfId":1244},"https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1749679144/Blog/Author%20Headshots/joernchen-headshot.png","joernchen","yml",{},"/en-us/blog/authors/joern-schneeweisz",{},"en-us/blog/authors/joern-schneeweisz","7lq_RPJjB0t-8_Ky8UIjryswPotuX6Aqerg4scz_2gI",[1252,1260,1268],{"title":1253,"description":1254,"heroImage":1255,"category":535,"date":1256,"authors":1257,"slug":1259,"externalUrl":539},"How GitLab tracks vulnerabilities through refactors and reformatting","Learn how GitLab's improved Scope+Offset fingerprinting keeps vulnerability tracking stable across comments, blank lines, and reformatting.","https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1759320418/xjmqcozxzt4frx0hori3.png","2026-08-12",[1258],"Julian Thome","improved-scope-offset-fingerprinting",{"title":1261,"description":1262,"heroImage":1255,"category":535,"date":1263,"authors":1264,"slug":1267,"externalUrl":539},"GitLab Secrets Manager adds ESO, Terraform, API support","Simplify credential management across your stack. GitLab Secrets Manager provides secure retrieval in Kubernetes, Terraform, and external workflows.","2026-08-06",[1265,1266],"Erick Bajao","Joe Randazzo","gitlab-secrets-manager-add-eso-terraform-api-support",{"title":1269,"description":1270,"heroImage":1271,"category":535,"date":1272,"authors":1273,"slug":1275,"externalUrl":539},"Secure every commit to production with Claude and GitLab","Claude Security catches vulnerabilities inside a coding session. GitLab picks up from there, scanning, enforcing policy, and producing audit evidence for the software lifecycle. ","https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1756122536/akivvcnafog9c4dhhzkp.png","2026-08-03",[1274],"Alisa Ho","claude-security-and-gitlab",{"promotions":1277},[1278,1292,1304,1315],{"id":1279,"categories":1280,"header":1282,"text":1283,"button":1284,"image":1289},"ai-modernization",[1281],"ai","Is AI achieving its promise at scale?","Quiz will take 5 minutes or less",{"text":1285,"config":1286},"Get your AI maturity score",{"href":1287,"dataGaName":1288,"dataGaLocation":765},"/assessments/ai-modernization-assessment/","modernization assessment",{"config":1290},{"src":1291},"https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1772138786/qix0m7kwnd8x2fh1zq49.png",{"id":1293,"categories":1294,"header":1296,"text":1283,"button":1297,"image":1301},"devops-modernization",[1295,1101],"product","Are you just managing tools or shipping innovation?",{"text":1298,"config":1299},"Get your DevOps maturity score",{"href":1300,"dataGaName":1288,"dataGaLocation":765},"/assessments/devops-modernization-assessment/",{"config":1302},{"src":1303},"https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1772138785/eg818fmakweyuznttgid.png",{"id":1305,"categories":1306,"header":1307,"text":1283,"button":1308,"image":1312},"security-modernization",[535],"Are you trading speed for security?",{"text":1309,"config":1310},"Get your security maturity score",{"href":1311,"dataGaName":1288,"dataGaLocation":765},"/assessments/security-modernization-assessment/",{"config":1313},{"src":1314},"https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1772138786/p4pbqd9nnjejg5ds6mdk.png",{"id":1316,"paths":1317,"header":1320,"text":1321,"button":1322,"image":1327},"github-azure-migration",[1318,1319],"migration-from-azure-devops-to-gitlab","integrating-azure-devops-scm-and-gitlab","Is your team ready for GitHub's Azure move?","GitHub is already rebuilding around Azure. Find out what it means for you.",{"text":1323,"config":1324},"See how GitLab compares to GitHub",{"href":1325,"dataGaName":1326,"dataGaLocation":765},"/compare/gitlab-vs-github/github-azure-migration/","github azure migration",{"config":1328},{"src":1303},{"header":1330,"blurb":1331,"button":1332,"secondaryButton":1337},"Start building faster today","See what your team can do with the intelligent orchestration platform for DevSecOps.\n",{"text":1333,"config":1334},"Get your free trial",{"href":1335,"dataGaName":564,"dataGaLocation":1336},"https://gitlab.com/-/trial_registrations/new?glm_content=default-saas-trial&glm_source=about.gitlab.com/","feature",{"text":1037,"config":1338},{"href":890,"dataGaName":569,"dataGaLocation":1336},1786803754796]